The Use of Ethos

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction An Apology for Poetry The Marriage of Heaven and Hell The spirits of Black Folk Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The undertaking of composing is extreme however the most requesting part of composing is associating with the peruser. Persuading or convincing the peruser to accept what the writer has composed is consistently intense and this is because of the way that various perusers have various assessments and points of view about life.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Use of Ethos explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More For some hundreds of years now, the world has seen numerous incredible scholars who were or can hold the peruser entranced powerful composition. The capacity of an essayist to utilize moral thoughts and mentalities that have a place with a specific culture to persuade his/her peruser is depicted as ethos. Ethos is commonly utilized by writers to catch the consideration of perusers by composi ng legitimate or sound papers, sonnets or articles. This exposition will consider explicitly the utilization of ethos, or show of individual character in the expository procedures and practices of Sidney, Blake and Dubois. William Blake was portrayed as a creator that was profoundly inventive and politically connected with while, Sir Philip Sidney was depicted as a creator who composed completely inside the old style convention. W.E.B Du Bois then again exemplified the humanistic aesthetic sciences instruction and upheld for all who had the option to participate in scholarly interests. The article will show how these three authors additionally utilized ethos and different types of influence like; logos and tenderness in their compositions. In any case, convincing structures like logos and sentiment will be acquired distinctly to the extent they are pertinent to explaining how ethos is utilized by Sidney, Du Bois and Blake. An Apology for Poetry â€Å"An statement of regret for poet ry† was composed by Sir Philip Sidney in 1579 yet it was distributed after Sidney’s demise in 1595. Sidney was eminent for his protection of verse and he did this by joining reasoning and history. He was additionally known to be a pundit of terrible verse. In the entirety of his works, Sir Philip Sidney utilized ethos to increase a notoriety for himself. â€Å"An conciliatory sentiment for poetry† investigations the purpose behind the presence of verse, its embodiment and excellence are clearly clarified. Sidney portrays an artist as a maker then he features the excellence of verse in his typical old style customary way. (Sidney, 211) The capacity to catch the reader’s consideration and procure a notoriety because of a writer character can be named or portrayed as ethos. In the book â€Å"An expression of remorse for poetry† Sidney advances to the reader’s inner voice by basically investigating the great and revolting sides of verse. (Sidney, 266) Throughout the course of the work, Sidney conveys straightforwardly to the peruser by expressly clarifying how verse is a craftsmanship and aptitude. He discloses to the peruser with the goal that he/she can get that, the writer is a unique maker and is along these lines not attached to any coercion. (Sidney, 514)Advertising Looking for article on similar writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sir Sidney likewise utilizes different methods of influence like sentiment and logos which empower him win the reader’s certainty and trust. The peruser is now left with no decision yet to completely fathom Sidney perspective as the right point of view about verse. Typically, the open will in general regard and accept individuals whom have earned themselves a great notoriety. (Sidney, 465) This is the same as Sir Sidney as his enormous perusers absolutely bolster his perspectives about verse. In his book â€Å"an expre ssion of remorse for poetry,† Sidney clarifies that an artists mind generally has ideas that are not restricted to nature. (Sidney, 615) Literally, this implies, verse makes or is equipped for making things better than they show up normally. This is a case of the writer convincing the peruser by the utilization of rationale thinking and this can be portrayed as logos. All through the book, Sir Sidney can catch the reader’s consideration with various methods of influence which he utilizes. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell William Blake is an English artist, play essayist, writer and a writer who had the option to manufacture a notoriety for himself through his extraordinary works. Blake’s works or books consistently appear to have some strict feelings and his book â€Å"the marriage of paradise and hell† is the same. Yet, the most special character of Blake is his capacity to convince or persuade his perusers through various influence modes to comprehend and have faith as he would see it about uprightness or religion. (Blake, 353) â€Å"The marriage of paradise and hell† is a book about Blake’s perspective on damnation. In opposition to the general viewpoint of damnation as a position of discipline, Blake depicts hellfire as rather a wellspring of vitality and he clarifies this point utilizing various methods of influence. (Blake, 614) The book is broadly accepted to be his most persuasive work and he shows incredible character here by portraying his visit to hellfire. While depicting his visit to heck, Blake can convince the peruser by speaking to the reader’s feeling and asking such a peruser to break liberated from strict mistreatment. (Blake, 815) Due to Blake’s persuading character which intrigues a peruser due to his interesting perspective on heck, he can persuade the peruser by utilization of ethos. His capacity to show solid good character makes him charming to the peruser. It is exceptionally stran ge for a peruser to expound on hellfire in such constructive light and individuals will in general value the new turn. The way that he utilized himself as the guest to damnation makes William Blake totally exceptional and the way which he portrays his visit to hellfire is likewise great. It is deserving of note that, not many writers will have the boldness to expound on or even use themselves as the character that visited hell.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Use of Ethos explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More People will in general avoid things which they accept to be terrible and hellfire has consistently been named as an awful spot for awful individuals. Thus, Blake ability to be the character that visited hellfire acquires him the regard of perusers and they will in general value his view. The book additionally, convinces the peruser to break liberated from the obligations of persecution in any structure be it political, or strict. (Bla ke, 453) The spirits of Black Folk â€Å"The spirits of dark folk† is composed by William Edward Burghardt Du Bois. The book tends to the issue of bigotry in the twentieth century. Prejudice has been a worldwide issue for a long time however without utilizing the correct methods of influence to clarify its size, a peruser won't completely understand the degree which bigotry has reached. (Du Bois, 622) In Du Bois’ book â€Å"the spirits of dark folk,† he can clarify and depict strikingly how it felt like to be an African American 40 years after the common war in the United States of America. (Du Bois, 414) Been African American or originating from some other race is a characteristic thing which no person has authority over yet others will in general think in an unexpected way. Persecuting and bothering someone who has practically zero command over his/her race is exceptionally barbaric and absolutely pointless. Sadly, skin shading was a difficult issue in America after its common war and the then American government demonstrated laxity towards this issue. (Du Bois, 233) By consolidating his own involvement in verse, history and sociological information, Du Bois can persuade the peruser by engaging the reader’s feelings, his/her feeling of thinking and Du Bois utilizes his own character to cause the peruser to comprehend the issue of bigotry. (Du Bois, 299) By portraying his own understanding, especially the loss of his first child, Du Bois persuades the peruser using ethos and by depicting the experiences or predicaments of African Americans, he convinces the peruser by at the same time speaking to his/her feeling of thinking and feelings. End Sir Philip Sidney, William Blake and W.E.B Du Bois are altogether extraordinary essayists and every one of the three scholars have individually utilized ethos at one point or the other to communicate their perspectives to perusers. For Sidney, he guards verse and gives the features of how a wri ter should think and act. (Sidney, 415) While for William Blake, it is tied in with persuading the peruser that damnation is somewhat enthusiastic rather than the customary accept that it is a position of discipline. (Blake, 330)Advertising Searching for article on near writing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In conclusion, Du Bois can show his perusers the agony and distress that Africa Americans experienced in the twentieth century 40 years after the US common war. (Du Bois, 266) Using ethos and different methods of influence like sentiment and logos, these three creators had the option to build up their focuses successfully. Composing could be an entrusting and requesting work especially the part of persuading or convincing perusers to comprehend the author’s perspective. To empower an essayist successfully catch the consideration of perusers and to gain a notoriety, it is fitting for an author to utilize any method of influence to overcome any barrier between the author’s work and the peruser. Works Cited Blake, William. The marriage of paradise and damnation: Oxford: Oxford University press, 1975. Print Du Bois, William. The spirits of dark people: Chicago: McClurg, 1903, print Sidney, Philip. A statement of regret for verse: An abstract analysis. London: Westminster, 1 579. Print This exposition on The Use of Ethos was composed and presented by client Fernando H. to help you with your own examinations. You are free

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Political theory - Essay Example Indeed, he overlooked why he was there and for to what extent, substance to taste on the draft Lazuli poured him and smoke his slender long funnel for which he discovered more weed in the vegetation around than he could have utilized. He didn't ask what her identity was and how she came to be in this remote profound, in actuality he posed no inquiries by any stretch of the imagination, just tuned in to the mumble of Lazulis voice that held all the music of lapping waves, of murmuring trees and the whistling wind, and never thought to interfere. To talk would demolish this easy tune, and he let it be. Lazuli had steers, which Valar now took under his charge, and they prospered. Be that as it may, his eyes were just for her. He sat tight for a token of friendship, a quieted word, an inclined look, however he got none from Lazuli. Mornings became nighttimes, nights to evenings, and evenings became mornings once more, and this continued for the space of numerous moons. Of a night when Valar would need to visit by the fireside and beguile Lazuli with some story, he would before long be sleepy and end up nodding off. Lazuli would laughingly send him off to rest, and the primary beams of the Sun would tenderly nudge his face to alertness the following morning. Thus Valars heart kept its own insight, aching to stand up, yet incapable to do as such. Months, years passed. Valar now had spots of dim on his dim head, he could not, at this point pursue the dairy cattle as he used to. Be that as it may, the gold on Lazulis head had disappeared not at all, and she kept on grinning at him every morning with her young carnation lips and old turquoise eyes. Fording a new stream one day so as to take the cows to better fields, Valar ran over a despite everything pool, shining in the daylight, his reasonable reflection upon it. He had started to feel his age, and he saw it now. The inclination took him to greet Lazuli currently, to admit his adoration for her this exact instant, and learn of her will, before his age made up for lost time. At a frantic pace he ran, till he came to Lazulis cabin. He discovered her twisting around an axle, hard at

Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts

Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts? Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts?Some phantom debts are just old, uncollected debts that you forgot about. But other phantom debts are just straight-up lies told by scammers!You’re sleeping soundly in your bed when you hear a scratching noise. You figure it must just be the wind, so you try to go back to bed. You shut your eyes and attempt to let your mind wander, but the scratching at the door just gets louder and louder.You get out of bed and make your way to the door, a rising sense of dread slowly overtaking the grogginess. You look through the peephole and see a man in a suit. They don’t look to be dangerous, but you leave the latch engaged as you crack open the door, just in case.“What are you doing here?” you ask.“Someone in this house an unpaid debt. A car loan,” he explains, as he hands you a scary looking “past due” paper.“Ah, OK,” you respond as you take the paper and close the door.When you return to your bed, your best friend who sleeps across the roo m has woken up.“Who was it?” they ask.“Oh, just someone informing us about some car loan we have to pay,” you reply.Your friend gives you a look that chills you to your very bones: “But … that loan has been paid off for ten years!”Seems like you’re haunted by a phantom debt!Forgotten debts.The term “phantom debt” can apply to a few different kinds of debt. We’ll start with the more legitimate kind. These are forgotten debts that you may have thought were paid off. Or perhaps you just hadn’t heard about the debt for a while, and assumed it was dead. But dead debts can come back.“Phantom debt, or zombie debt, is a phenomenon perpetuated by debt collectors who buy debt in bulk and consumers who don’t monitor their credit reports,” warned Joy Alford-Brand (@joyalfordbrand) of NewCashView.“A phantom debt is a debt that someone owed at some point and was never resolved by the original creditor. They are usually sold along with other bad debts to debt collec tors who then try to collect on them. They can be resold multiple times, acquiring late charges and penalties along the way.”These sorts of debts tend to be a bit older.“Phantom debts are debts that are typically three years old or more, that have since been forgotten about or never existed in the first place,” explained Josh Hastings, founder of Money Life Wax (@moneylifewax).Wait a second! Debts that never existed in the first place?!Fake debts.Yes, it may not be a home visit in the middle of the night from a man in a suit, but you might get a fake debt collection call from a personal loan or other debt that never existed in the first place.“Essentially, it’s an attempt by a scammer to collect money that you  dont owe,” Tony Arevalo from Carsurance.net clarified. “In car insurance that could be in the form of an ‘accident from several years ago’ that is still awaiting payment. Most people can be caught off guard by a sudden phone call requesting money, and might even for a split second think that they do owe money to someone.“Outside of car insurance, phantom debt scammers can find creative ways to get you to cough up your hard earned money. The most common scam is related to payday loan collections. Always beware of phone calls offering short-term and payday loans too, since they tend to be scams but of another nature.”Payday loans can be a rough ride, which is true of most short-term bad credit loans and no credit check loans (like cash advances or title loans). But a payday loan scam brings a whole new level of financial pain!Debt exorcism.So how can you deal with phantom debts? If they’re old but legitimate, you’ll probably have to deal with them the same way you’d deal with any other debt. Paying it, looking for forgiveness, or, if things are really not manageable, looking into bankruptcy.The first step is finding out if you actually have any debts you might be unaware of. This is a good idea regardless of whether you’ve be en contacted by someone claiming to be a collection agent.“The quickest way to figure out whether you have phantom debts is to use a free credit report tool such as Experians,” advised Hastings. “Your credit report will list every debt you owe since it details your credit history! As a rule of thumb, consider checking your credit history once per year to avoid phantom debts!”Knowing which debts you do and don’t owe will also be key to dealing with debt collection scams.“The number one way to know if you have a scammer on the phone is their general demeanor and attitude,” suggested Arevalo. “We all know that ‘legit’ collections agencies can use forceful tactics and dirty tricks to get you to pay them back. But a scammer will usually have a piece of personal information to try to convince you that they are familiar with your situation. Never give your bank, credit card, or other personal details unless you identify the caller.”And don’t forget: you have rights! “The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act gives you the right to request written communication only, so you can request this,” advised Arevalo. “The worst-case scenario is identity theft, and if this happens you can contact the Federal Trade Commission for help on how to recover your identity.”As long as you’re careful and always do your due diligence, you should be OK. You don’t have to fear phantom debts! To learn more about protecting your money from thieves and fraudsters, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:8 Tips to Spot an Online ImposterHow to Identify and Avoid Fake Tech Support Scams10 Scams That Target the ElderlyExpert Roundup: 13 Signs You’re Being ScammedDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsJoy Alford-Brand (@joyalfordbrand) became a licensed attorney in North Carolina in 1999.   She has practiced bankruptcy law for 17 years. In 2015, she published a book on personal finance based on her experience as a bankruptcy attorney called Money Basics, Keeping It and Growing It.   She also founded NewCashView.com  to teach people basic personal finance techniques to help them avoid filing for bankruptcy and learn to be financially empowered.Tony Arevalo is the Co-Founder of  Carsurance.net, a thorough car insurance review site. During his years in the property and car insurance industry he has worked with hundreds of clients and has developed in-depth knowledge of what they want and whats best for them.Josh Hastings  is a former High School Athletic Director at the secondary level who shifted his focus in 2016 to focus more effort on his entrepreneur endeavors. In 2017 he founded  MoneyLifeWax.com  (@moneylifewax), a personal finance site dedicated to helping millennials with student loans. With an emphasis on money and finance behavior, Josh started Money Life Wax  to help millennials realize there are other way s to make money and be happy in the 21st century.

Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts

Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts? Are You Haunted by Phantom Debts?Some phantom debts are just old, uncollected debts that you forgot about. But other phantom debts are just straight-up lies told by scammers!You’re sleeping soundly in your bed when you hear a scratching noise. You figure it must just be the wind, so you try to go back to bed. You shut your eyes and attempt to let your mind wander, but the scratching at the door just gets louder and louder.You get out of bed and make your way to the door, a rising sense of dread slowly overtaking the grogginess. You look through the peephole and see a man in a suit. They don’t look to be dangerous, but you leave the latch engaged as you crack open the door, just in case.“What are you doing here?” you ask.“Someone in this house an unpaid debt. A car loan,” he explains, as he hands you a scary looking “past due” paper.“Ah, OK,” you respond as you take the paper and close the door.When you return to your bed, your best friend who sleeps across the roo m has woken up.“Who was it?” they ask.“Oh, just someone informing us about some car loan we have to pay,” you reply.Your friend gives you a look that chills you to your very bones: “But … that loan has been paid off for ten years!”Seems like you’re haunted by a phantom debt!Forgotten debts.The term “phantom debt” can apply to a few different kinds of debt. We’ll start with the more legitimate kind. These are forgotten debts that you may have thought were paid off. Or perhaps you just hadn’t heard about the debt for a while, and assumed it was dead. But dead debts can come back.“Phantom debt, or zombie debt, is a phenomenon perpetuated by debt collectors who buy debt in bulk and consumers who don’t monitor their credit reports,” warned Joy Alford-Brand (@joyalfordbrand) of NewCashView.“A phantom debt is a debt that someone owed at some point and was never resolved by the original creditor. They are usually sold along with other bad debts to debt collec tors who then try to collect on them. They can be resold multiple times, acquiring late charges and penalties along the way.”These sorts of debts tend to be a bit older.“Phantom debts are debts that are typically three years old or more, that have since been forgotten about or never existed in the first place,” explained Josh Hastings, founder of Money Life Wax (@moneylifewax).Wait a second! Debts that never existed in the first place?!Fake debts.Yes, it may not be a home visit in the middle of the night from a man in a suit, but you might get a fake debt collection call from a personal loan or other debt that never existed in the first place.“Essentially, it’s an attempt by a scammer to collect money that you  dont owe,” Tony Arevalo from Carsurance.net clarified. “In car insurance that could be in the form of an ‘accident from several years ago’ that is still awaiting payment. Most people can be caught off guard by a sudden phone call requesting money, and might even for a split second think that they do owe money to someone.“Outside of car insurance, phantom debt scammers can find creative ways to get you to cough up your hard earned money. The most common scam is related to payday loan collections. Always beware of phone calls offering short-term and payday loans too, since they tend to be scams but of another nature.”Payday loans can be a rough ride, which is true of most short-term bad credit loans and no credit check loans (like cash advances or title loans). But a payday loan scam brings a whole new level of financial pain!Debt exorcism.So how can you deal with phantom debts? If they’re old but legitimate, you’ll probably have to deal with them the same way you’d deal with any other debt. Paying it, looking for forgiveness, or, if things are really not manageable, looking into bankruptcy.The first step is finding out if you actually have any debts you might be unaware of. This is a good idea regardless of whether you’ve be en contacted by someone claiming to be a collection agent.“The quickest way to figure out whether you have phantom debts is to use a free credit report tool such as Experians,” advised Hastings. “Your credit report will list every debt you owe since it details your credit history! As a rule of thumb, consider checking your credit history once per year to avoid phantom debts!”Knowing which debts you do and don’t owe will also be key to dealing with debt collection scams.“The number one way to know if you have a scammer on the phone is their general demeanor and attitude,” suggested Arevalo. “We all know that ‘legit’ collections agencies can use forceful tactics and dirty tricks to get you to pay them back. But a scammer will usually have a piece of personal information to try to convince you that they are familiar with your situation. Never give your bank, credit card, or other personal details unless you identify the caller.”And don’t forget: you have rights! “The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act gives you the right to request written communication only, so you can request this,” advised Arevalo. “The worst-case scenario is identity theft, and if this happens you can contact the Federal Trade Commission for help on how to recover your identity.”As long as you’re careful and always do your due diligence, you should be OK. You don’t have to fear phantom debts! To learn more about protecting your money from thieves and fraudsters, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:8 Tips to Spot an Online ImposterHow to Identify and Avoid Fake Tech Support Scams10 Scams That Target the ElderlyExpert Roundup: 13 Signs You’re Being ScammedDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsJoy Alford-Brand (@joyalfordbrand) became a licensed attorney in North Carolina in 1999.   She has practiced bankruptcy law for 17 years. In 2015, she published a book on personal finance based on her experience as a bankruptcy attorney called Money Basics, Keeping It and Growing It.   She also founded NewCashView.com  to teach people basic personal finance techniques to help them avoid filing for bankruptcy and learn to be financially empowered.Tony Arevalo is the Co-Founder of  Carsurance.net, a thorough car insurance review site. During his years in the property and car insurance industry he has worked with hundreds of clients and has developed in-depth knowledge of what they want and whats best for them.Josh Hastings  is a former High School Athletic Director at the secondary level who shifted his focus in 2016 to focus more effort on his entrepreneur endeavors. In 2017 he founded  MoneyLifeWax.com  (@moneylifewax), a personal finance site dedicated to helping millennials with student loans. With an emphasis on money and finance behavior, Josh started Money Life Wax  to help millennials realize there are other way s to make money and be happy in the 21st century.

Classic Christmas Carols for ESL Classes

To use these Christmas Carols in English class, first, listen to a recording (or two) which you can easily find by searching on YouTube or other video sites with the title of the song. Print out the words, and follow along with the song. As you become more familiar with the words, start singing the along with the recording. Finally, sing the song as a class to bring in some Christmas spirit into the classroom. Another Christmas tradition is the reading of by Twas the Night Before Christmas by Clement C. Moore. Classic Christmas Songs Jingle BellsSilent NightJoy to the WorldThe First NoelWe Wish You a Merry ChristmasOh, Come All Ye FaithfulHark the Herald Angels SingWhat Child Is This?We Three KingsAuld Lang SyneAway in a MangerDeck The HallGod Rest You Merry, GentlemenHave Yourself a Merry Little ChristmasLo, How a Rose Eer BloomingO Christmas TreeRudolph the Red-Nosed ReindeerLullay Thou Little Tiny Child Singing Carols in Class: Suggestions for Teachers Find a good recording of the Christmas carol and play it for the class twice without any text. Just let the students listen and do their best to understand.Provided a printed version of the lyrics with gaps for keywords. Practice together as a class as a listening gap fill exercise.  As a class, brainstorm the words that are difficult to pronounce. Isolate the words and practice as minimal pairs with similar sounding words to help students understand differences in vowel sounds.  Choose a specific carol a few weeks before Christmas. Spend five or ten minutes in each class understanding, practicing and perfecting your carol. For larger classes, have students break up into smaller groups and learn different carols.If you are teaching young English learners, put on a small concert for the parents of children in your class. Choose three to five carols and perfect them as a class. After the last class before Christmas, put on a mini-concert for the parents.If your students are outgoin g, have a recital. Each student can choose a favorite carol and the class can sing for each other. Its fun, but a challenge!

Buffalo Soldiers African Americans on the Frontier

People of African descent have served in the American military since the Revolutionary War. In the nineteenth century, as the frontier expanded westward, elite unites of black soldiers were sent out to fight on the Plains. They became known as the Buffalo Soldiers, and helped to change the way America and the military looked at race. Did You Know? There is some question about where the term Buffalo soldiers came from; some say it was because of the texture of the black soldiers hair, and others believe it came from the woolly buffalo hide coats they wore in cold weather.In 1866, six all-black regiments were created to help control Native American activity on the Plains, and protect settlers, railroad crews, and wagon trains in the West.Buffalo Soldiers participated in many other military campaigns including the Spanish American War and both World Wars. History and Service During the Civil War, numerous black regiments were created by the Union, including the legendary 54th Massachusetts. Once the war ended in 1865, most of these units disbanded, and their men returned to civilian life. However, the following year, Congress decided to focus on some problems with westward expansion; as the frontier spread further out, there were more and more conflicts with Native Americans on the Plains. It was decided that even though America was no longer at war, military regiments needed to be mustered up and sent out west. Archive Photos / Getty Images Congress passed the Army Reorganization Act in 1866, and with it, created six brand-new all-black regiments, with both infantry and cavalry. They were tasked to protect settlers and wagon trains, as well as stagecoaches and railroad crews. In addition, they were assigned to help control the increasingly volatile conflict between white settlers and the local Native American population. It is estimated that 20% of the cavalry troops that fought in the Indian Wars were African Americans; the all-black regiments fought in at least 175 skirmishes in the two decades following the Civil War. At some point, these troops earned the nickname Buffalo Soldiers, although there is some question about the etymology of the name. One story is that one of the Native tribes—either the Cheyenne or the Apache—coined the phrase because of the texture of the African American soldiers hair, saying that it was similar to the wooly coat of the buffalo. Others say that it was bestowed upon them to mark their fighting ability, in honor of the buffalos fierce bravery. Although originally the term was used to designate these post-Civil War western units, it soon became a catch-all phrase representing all black troops. The LIFE Picture Collection / Getty Images There were two cavalry units, the 9th and 10th, and four infantry regiments that were eventually consolidated into just two, the 24th and 25th. The 9th Cavalry began mustering recruits in August and September 1866, training in New Orleans, and was then sent to Texas to watch over the road from San Antonio to El Paso. Native American tribes in the area were restless and angry about being forcibly sent to reservations, and there had been attacks on settlers and cattle drives. Meanwhile, the 10th Cavalry mustered at Fort Leavenworth, but it took longer to build than the 9th. Historians agree that this is because while the 9th took any man who could ride a horse, the commander of the 10th, Colonel Benjamin Grierson, wanted educated men in his unit. During the summer of 1867, coming right on the heels of a cholera outbreak, the 10th began working to secure the construction of the Pacific Railroad, which was under near-constant attack from the Cheyenne. Both cavalry units were heavily involved with skirmishes against Native Americans. Near the Red River in Texas, the 9th fought against the Comanche, the Cheyenne, the Kiowa, and the Arapahoe before the 10th was finally ordered in from Kansas to help. Buffalo Soldiers soon distinguished themselves for bravery. Troops from the 10th rescued a stranded officer and his scouts who were trapped during a skirmish, and the infantry fought so bravely that they were formally thanked in a field order from General Philip Sheridan. By the 1880s, the Buffalo Soldiers had helped quash much of the Native American resistance, and the 9th was sent to Oklahoma. In an odd reversal, their job there was to keep white settlers from making their homes on Native land. The 10th made their way to Montana, to round up Cree tribes. When the Spanish-American War began in the 1890s, both cavalry units and the two consolidated infantry regiments relocated to Florida. Over the next several decades, Buffalo Soldiers served in conflicts all over the world, although in many cases, they were prohibited from engaging in actual combat, because racial discrimination continued. Still, in the last three decades of the nineteenth century, an estimated 25,000 black men served, making up around 10% of the total army personnel. Prejudice in the Military Up through World War II, racial discrimination was still standard operating procedure in the United States military. Buffalo soldiers stationed in white communities were often met with violence, to which they were forbidden to respond. Often, black soldiers on the frontier encountered white settlers who still carried with them the pro-slavery sentiments of the pre-Civil War South. Because of this, they were often ordered to remain west of the Mississippi. Transcendental Graphics / Getty Images Despite all of this, the men known as the Buffalo Soldiers had a far lower rate of desertion and court-martial than their white contemporaries. A number of Buffalo Soldiers were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in recognition of their bravery in combat. Regiments in the army were still separated by skin color during the early part of the twentieth century, and during World War I, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that black regiments should be excluded from the American Expeditionary Force and placed under French command for the duration of the war. This was the first time in history that any American troops had been placed in the command of a foreign power. It wasnt until 1948 that President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981, which eliminated racial segregation in the armed forces. The last of the all-black units was disbanded in the 1950s, and when the Korean War began, black and white soldiers served together in integrated units. Today, there are monuments and museums celebrating the legacy of the Buffalo Soldiers throughout the American West. Mark Matthews, the last living buffalo soldier in the United States, died in 2005; he was 111 years old. Sources Bemoses. â€Å"Who Are The Buffalo Soldiers.†Ã‚  Buffalo Soldiers National Museum, buffalosoldiermuseum.com/who-are-the-buffalo-soldiers/.Editors, History.com. â€Å"Buffalo Soldiers.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 7 Dec. 2017, www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/buffalo-soldiers.Hill, Walter. â€Å"The Record - March 1998.†Ã‚  National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/publications/record/1998/03/buffalo-soldiers.html.Leckie, William H., and Shirley A. Leckie.  Buffalo Soldiers A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West. University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.â€Å"The Proud Legacy of the Buffalo Soldiers.†Ã‚  National Museum of African American History and Culture, 8 Feb. 2018, nmaahc.si.edu/blog-post/proud-legacy-buffalo-soldiers.

The Do This, Get That Guide On Websites That Write Papers for You

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Love A Chemical Equation Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Love: A Chemical Equation Essay, Research Paper The five major theoretical positions in psychological science are biological, acquisition, cognitive, psychodynamic, and sociocultural positions. Each one of these positions hunts for replies about behaviour through different techniques and through looking for replies to different sorts of inquiries. Due to the different attacks, each position form their ain premises and accounts. Some positions are widely accepted while others struggle for credence. Biological position # 8220 ; The premiss behind the biological position in psychological science is that all actions, feelings, and ideas are associated with bodily events. # 8221 ; Biological psychologists analyze how all of the electrical urges, endocrines, and chemicals fluxing through the organic structure can consequence behaviour and how alterations to these bodily maps can alter behavior. They are concerned with how the facets of biological science consequence peoples # 8217 ; emotions, larning abilities, and their perceptual experience of events. One of the major theories of biological psychological science is that # 8220 ; We can non cognize ourselves if we do non cognize our bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Love A Chemical Equation Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8221 ; Through application of this theory, biological psychologists strive to understand the relationship between the head and organic structure and they influence illness or wellness. It is believed that hapless wellness can take to negative attitudes while hapless attitudes can take to hapless wellness. Biological psychologists research and analyze the correlativity of this theory in an effort to assist work out some mental and emotional jobs. Learning Perspective The Hagiographas and findings of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner have done much for the promotion of modern psychological science. Many of the of import findings in psychological science from their theory of behaviourism, subsequently germinating into the social-learning theory or cognitive social-learning theory. Advocates of the larning perspective think that mentalism should be abandoned for behaviourism. Psychologists should concentrate on observation and direct measuring instead concentrating on self-contemplation. Behaviorists believed that actions were responses to stimuli that were learned. The basic construct was that positive responses would be triggered by good stimulations while negative responses would could from bad stimulations. Actions that would bring forth positive consequences tended to repeated, while those that led to negative consequences tended to be avoided. This construct led to a widening of psychological science. Many groups that were frequently overlooked by psychologists were being discovered and observed. Behavior became the dominant school of psychological science in the U.S. until the 1960 # 8217 ; s. Adversaries to this attack were repulsed by the construct that humans did non believe or experience, but merely thought that they did. Nonbehaviorists and behaviourists parted company. Behaviorists believed that feelings could non explicate behavior. Out of behaviourism came the societal larning theory, which taught that in add-on to behavior, imitation and observation led to larning. Cognitive Perspective The cognitive position of psychological science focal points on the thought procedure. Psychologists from this school argue that it is necessary to cognize what is traveling on in the head to to the full understand why a individual will make the things that they do. By detecting behaviour, psychologists try to construe what thought procedure led to the action. Critics who disapprove of this theory do so on the footing that in add-on to perceptual experiences, external forces must besides be taken into consideration. The aim of cognitive psychological science is to understand how perceptual experiences and readings relate to behavior. Why is that one individual will turn to violence when insulted while another individual will do alibis for that individual instead than moving violently. Through the usage of computing machines, research informations can be farther analyzed to detect the idea procedure used in behaviour and in some cases, plans can even be written to assist understand how worlds will respond in certain state of affairss. Psychodynamic Perspective Many critics of the psychodynamic position do non believe that this school of psychological science has any bearing on academic psychological science. Chiefly based upon the fact that many of the depth psychology premises could non be verified, research psychologist was more related to doctrine instead than clinical scientific discipline. Though non every bit scientific as the other positions, the psychodynamic position is none the less still associated with psychological science. When Sigmund Freud released his book The Interpretation of Dreams, it was met with really small success ; but it finally provided the foundation for depth psychology. Psychoanalysis contends that impulses and ideas live in the unconscious and manifest themselves in events during normal mundane life. The end of depth psychology is to delve into the unconscious to happen the beginning of the perturbations. Concerned more with therapy than scientific observation and research, psychodynamic psychologists probe the head to happen events, normally from childhood, that manifest feelings of fright, force, love, etc. Aggressive feelings, or even sexual feelings, are located in this unconsciousness ; and regardless of what a individual does, they will come out during normal activities. By happening the root of these feelings, it can be understood why a individual may move the manner that they do. Besides by detecting these events, it may be possible to assist people channel the energy in a positive manner or work out the job. Sociocultural Perspective Unlike the other positions, the sociocultural position dressed ores on an single # 8217 ; s or persons # 8217 ; civilization or society instead than the person. To understand why people tend to demo certain behavior traits, psychologists look at what effects the individual # 8217 ; s community might hold on their thought procedure. Some of the inquiries pondered are if a individual behaves a certain manner to be accepted or commits an act because it is accepted amongst their society. They chiefly study how other people impact a individual. Some surveies look at how male and female functions relate to their several emotion or how occupation position relates to their aspirations. In this perspective force does non shack in inherent aptitudes or encephalon moving ridges, but alternatively, in cultural regulations and political agreements. These five positions are similar in that all try to find what cause certain behavior traits, though they all approach their accounts otherwise. The biological and cognitive positions both look at the physiological facets of behaviour. The acquisition and sociocultural positions look at how society affects a individual # 8217 ; s behaviour. With the exclusion of the psychodynamic position, the other subjects focus on a scientific attack, many of their theories being able to be tested for truth. Each of these positions has their strong protagonists every bit good as their strong critics. Regardless of sentiment, these are the chief positions and more than probably a psychologist has roots in one of these psychological positions.

Career pathway social work free essay sample

In November 2009, the Care Council produced ‘Social Work Career Pathway, A Discussion Paper’. This paper sets out a plan for developing a national career pathway for social workers in Wales, linked to a framework for post qualifying education and training. The proposed career pathway is intended to strengthen the retention of experienced social workers in frontline roles. It is also designed to ensure that social workers have the necessary knowledge and skills, and access to learning and support, to help them deliver high-quality services at all stages of their careers. The career pathway caters for newly-qualified social workers, as well as experienced practitioners, and the development of new roles such as the Consultant Social Worker. The career pathway discussion paper was the subject of a report to Care Council in January 2010. The paper was circulated widely to and discussed by stakeholders including with the National Strategic Advisory Partnership for Social Work Training, the Welsh Assembly Government, the Association of Directors of Social Services. We will write a custom essay sample on Career pathway social work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Overall, there is support for the career pathway model and the opportunity it presents for raising the status of the social work profession and standards of practice. The proposed career pathway and associated Continuing Professional Education and Learning (CPEL) framework has been presented to the Social Work and Social Care Workforce Task Group established by the Deputy Minister for Social Services. The Task Group has agreed that the career pathway and CPEL framework should be recommended to the Deputy Minister when the Task Group reports in November 2010. See more at: http://www. ccwales. org. uk/career-pathway-for-social-workers/#sthash. bSqsF8to. dpuf

100 Amazing Topics for Your Strong Persuasive Essay

100 Amazing Topics for Your Strong Persuasive Essay 100 Great Topics for Your Persuasive Essay Often students are given the topic before starting their assignment. If you ask average scholars what they think about choosing a topic on their own, they would probably say that it’s associated with additional problems. In fact, choosing a topic on your own can be a great advantage if you have a correct understanding of how to do it right. If your teacher gives you a chance to decide on a topic independently, you can pick up the theme that is interesting and familiar to you. Moreover, you can check if there are enough free and available information sources for writing an essay before making your final choice. If you are given a task to write a persuasive essay and to choose its topic on your own, use this opportunity. It’s only enough to spend around 10-20 minutes to learn how to choose the topic correctly and our article is aimed at helping you with this. Why Students Write Argumentative Essays Instead of Persuasive Essays Before giving you a list of topics, we want to speak about the difference between argumentative and persuasive essays. The problem is that many students can’t tell these two types of essays apart and make a huge mistake writing an argumentative essay instead of the assigned persuasive paper. Both types have quite similar aims and it’s not easy to understand how they differ. We’ve found a definition that will make you see the features of the different types easier: Argumentative essay shows your point of view on a problem or a subject. Explaining something, you tell the reader that there are also other possible ideas about the topic, however, you choose the one you speak about due to some reasons. You explain your idea but you allow your reader to think differently and to decide whether to support your point of view or not. Persuasive essay also speaks about your point of view on a certain topic. However, this time you use the facts and statements to prove that your point of view is the correct one, the most practical or ethical one. Step by step, you have to show that different points of view are less logical. Your final aim is to make a reader support your idea. Understanding the difference between the two types, you can also see a clearer and more correct way of picking up a topic for your persuasive essay. 100 Topics for Your Excellent Persuasive Essay Working with the list of topics, you can choose a ready topic and start to work on it or to take it as an inspiring sample and to create a similar theme for your future essay. Topics for Elementary Scholars Is it allowed to have a wild-born animal as a pet? Is it better to be the only child or to grow up in a big family? If you found a home of a rare animal on your yard, would you give it to the laboratory or to the local zoo? Is having a superpower making you a better person? The best holiday of the year is Birthday/Christmas/New Year’s Eve. If the invisible potion is discovered, shall it be given to people unrestrictedly? A shop assistant/waiter/bus driver is the worst job in the world. Shall parents encourage their children to choose school/friends/bedroom decor independently? Shall we stay friendly with everyone? Shall having an expensive gadget influence the way others see us? Topics for High School Scholars Will the return of the death penalty scare criminals from committing a crime? Is it safe to allow people to change their names any time they want? Shall we pay attention at moral and personal qualities of a president? Is younger generation better adapted for positive changes in the world? Can fashion be harmful to society? Shall reach people pay extra taxes to help those who are poor? Is lowering the voting age is a good idea? How to reduce the level of crimes among high schools students? Shall privacy be violated for national security? Topics Connected to Education Existing disciplinary means are outdated to control modern teens. The modern way of holding exams and academic tests may be harmful to the development of creativity and critical thinking? Shall IT students be encouraged to create their own entertaining applications and video games? How to provide an equally high level of education for children in big cities and rural areas? Shall children with different types of disabilities study in separate classes? What is the most effective way to stop bullying among kids? Is it necessary to have a special uniform for teachers? Shall physical training lessons be held by professional sportsmen? Which measures can be taken to motivate students with lower marks? Can video games encourage students to use guns at school? Topics Connected to Technology and Scientific Progress How environmental protection can be improved on a local level? Can robots with artificial intellect replace humans completely? Shall fuel be replaced with alternative sources of energy? Is global warming a natural process that doesn’t depend on the activity of humans? What is the alternative for genetically modified food? Is terrorism the most common reason for the modern plane crash? The role of the human in the extinction of rare animals and plants. Is it ethical to restrict a number of children in a family in order to control the growth of the population? How soft drugs can be used in medicine? The ethical side of cloning animals. Topics Connected to Nature Are zoos helpful for protection of rare species of animals? Can hunting be ethical? London Zoo is one of the largest and the best zoos on a planet: do animals feel good there? Is there’s any reason to keep exotic animals as domestic pets? What is the best and most effective way to train domestic animals? Is it ok to breed different animals in order to create new species? Vegetarianism can’t be helpful for the animal world and nature. Is it immoral to wear natural leather? Is there a point of trying to return extinct animals like a mammoth? Why governmental method of nature protection can’t stop poaching? Topics Connected to Music and Arts How pirating music influences the economy of a country. Can fame of a music band or a singer bring more opportunities for development of the country they originate from? Some music types have almost no differences: why shall they be separated into different types? Can music be used in the process of rehabilitation of criminals and prisoners? Will decreasing the price of music apps and albums lead to decreasing pirating? Will ancient Chinese music be indicated as a different type of art? Will the kind of music for rehabilitation be chosen individually? How historical songs help us to understand certain moments of history? Can technologies replace artists and musicians? Music as a part of therapy for curing mental disorders. Topics Connected to Sports Shall the animal sport be banned? Is it ethical to advertise junk food, alcohol or cigarettes during sports events? Shall popular sportsmen control their behavior being a role model for teenagers? Is the popularity of extreme sports can be a dangerous trend? Shall the bullfighting be banned, even being a part of Spanish culture and an old tradition? Are genetics and an inborn talent more important than the hard work in reaching great results in sport? Is there point of creating sports teams that may include both male and female players? Shall different types of sports be separated into female and male sports? Shall sportsmen work not only with a coach but also with a psychologist to avoid serious depression and to achieve better results? Is it necessary to make anti-doping control more severe? Complicated Topics for Persuasive Essays Are those features of people that are called ‘negative’ natural and coincide with the inborn instincts? What shall be the main aim of sexual education at school? Which measures can be taken to make oil producers be more attentive to oil spills? Shall other countries answer the new US policy that may violate the rights of national minorities? Is the legislation that controls selling of guns effective? Is free internet real harm to the moral norms of society? Which changes are necessary to make the copyright laws more effective? Shall teenagers be given more legal rights like voting, buying alcohol, dealing with banks and businesses? How would the opening of borders influence the world’s economy? How the world would be different now in the case if the German army could win the Second World War? Topics Connected to Ethics and Morality How to make animal testing less unethical in a case it can’t be banned? Shall people be given a legal right to die or to suicide? How kids’ beauty contest can influence the development of psychological disorders among young children? Which conditions are necessary to make euthanasia not illegal? How can governments of developed countries stop using child labor in other countries? Is atheism dangerous for moral norms? How to reduce the number of unnecessary plastic operations that may harm one’s health? Shall college students be allowed to buy alcohol drinks? Shall college students be involved in voluntary work that is connected to their future profession? What can be an alternative way of controlling the number of illegal immigrants? Do cameras in public places help to reduce the number of crimes? Universal Topics for Persuasive Essay What is the most tolerant way to control the relationship between atheists and believers? Is it necessary to participate in war conflicts in Middle Eastern countries? The influence of ‘Sexual Revolution’ on modern art, music and idols. Why the tension between vegetarians and meat eaters is growing and how to control it? Which types of crimes shall lead to a death sentence? Shall students keep a special diet that helps their brain to work better? Would the portrait of Mona Lisa be the same popular if it’s painted by an unknown artist? Shall people change their attitude towards cheating and call it sexual freedom? Is the art for masses less important than the recognized elite masterpieces? Modern fashion trends make women feel worse and look less natural comparing to women of the past. Choosing an interesting topic is not as easy as it may look. You shall prefer those topics that may have several possible explanations and points of view. It’s always good to choose some controversial topics, however, in that case, you shall also have a clear and grounded position about it. It’s not always necessary to create the topic on your own. It’s ok to choose one of the topics that is presented in a list. Even if you choose a topic that has been discussed before, you can express different ideas about it and make your paper sound unique.

Modelling (Spreadsheet Modelling for OR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modelling (Spreadsheet Modelling for OR) - Essay Example From the above chart it is clear that there has been an increase in population among the age 20 to 25 than any other age group, this is a positive indication of the population because this shows an increase in the regions workforce. The above chart shows that there has been a population increase among the young females, however there has been a decline in population among those aged above 40 years, this is evident from our above chart which shows higher death rates among the old yet a very low levels of population aged between 40 years and above. The total rate from our data shows that the death rate total amounts to 1181.5 while that of the birth rate amounts to 871, when we proceed and find the mean rates then our mean death trate is equal to 69.5 while our birth rate mean is equal to 124.4286, this clearly shows that the population birth rate is higher than the population death rate, for this reason therefore it is evident that there is population growth in our region: From the above chart it is evident that there is positive and yet high population growth in the country, for this reason therefore as predicted... The above chart shows that there has been a population increase among the young females, however there has been a decline in population among those aged above 40 years, this is evident from our above chart which shows higher death rates among the old yet a very low levels of population aged between 40 years and above. Total birth rate and death rate: The total rate from our data shows that the death rate total amounts to 1181.5 while that of the birth rate amounts to 871, when we proceed and find the mean rates then our mean death trate is equal to 69.5 while our birth rate mean is equal to 124.4286, this clearly shows that the population birth rate is higher than the population death rate, for this reason therefore it is evident that there is population growth in our region: Death rate Birth rate total 1181.5 871 mean 69.5 124.4286 From the above chart it is evident that there is positive and yet high population growth in the country, for this reason therefore as predicted by Malthus the population in this region is growing at a Malthusian growth rate, for this reason therefore there is need to apply checks on the population, Malthus predicted that if the population was to grow at this rate then the result would be that there would occur natural ways to check population, positive check According to Malthus a country would grow in an arithmetic progression while the population will grow in geometric progression, for this reason the economy will not be in position to offer its citizens enough for survival and there will occur natural checks such as famine, malnutrition and other miseries. For this reason therefore to avoid such disasters there is need to undertake such as family planning, late marriages and sex

Classical conditioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classical conditioning - Essay Example This also causes business productivity to go down. In fact, many business owners opt to close down their businesses until the elections are over. The last three general elections witnessed a great transformation with regard to governance, a factor that ensured tight security to mitigate any cases of post election violence. In fact, security agents from different department were dispatched to different parts of the country, as a measure to ensure tight security. In the contrary, people still decided to move their families’ home and in response businesspersons opted to reduce either their stocking or close down on presumption of incurring losses. Subsequent elections showed great changes with regard to people shifting; a factor that saddened many businesspersons who had the thought that things would be the same and thus maintained low stock. Having learnt from this election, the same traders were seen stocking more goods in the last elections without the fear of incurring losses even after watching some people travel to their ancestral

The Future of Londons Museums

The Future of Londons Museums The following research paper investigates the present condition of London’s museums, focusing upon three aspects: their historical development, their present issues and debates, and their strategies for ensuring future survival and prosperity. To ascertain these facts five senior management figures from five leading London museums were interviewed and asked to complete questionnaires discussing the themes mentioned above. The research focuses at much length upon the decision of the present Labour government to introduce free admission to London’s museums and to finance this policy with funds from the National Lottery. Another key aspect of the research was to determine the level of competition posed to London’s museums by European, American and other international museums; further, to discover how London’s museums might raise their performance to match this competition. In addition, another type of competition faced by London’s museums is that of domestic attractions perceived by tourists and the public to be more sensational and exciting than ‘old-fashioned’ museums. Famous examples include the London Eye, Madam Taussards, and the Tower of London amongst others; these attractions fit well with the zeitgeist of modern British youth and it is a major problem for London’s museums as to how they will re-assert their prominence. A third central aspect of the research, viewed both from the sides of museum management and from the government, is the question of the strategies that London’s museums will pursue in the twenty-first century. The survival and success of London’s museums will very much depend upon the decisions made regarding such strategy and its efficacy once put into place. The present research assesses the likely efficacy of such strategies, and the consequences that their implementation will have upon the public’s ‘museum experience’. The results of the research paint double-sided picture: on the side, of optimism regarding the increased admissions figures witnessed since free admissions began, and, on the other side, a gloomy scene dominated by the London museums’ lack of financial support and by the negative consequences of the government insistence of putting attendance figures before a qualitative artistic and cultural experience. Section 1: Introduction Since the foundation of the British Museum almost two hundred and fifty years ago, London has had an international reputation as the museum capital of the world, as the city with the finest collections, the best specialists and the most to offer the fascination of the public. In addition to the British Museum, London can boast the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the London Transport Museum, the Victoria Albert Museum and the Theatre Museum amongst numerous other world-class museum-experiences. In their early decades London’s museums flourished through the generosity of private donations and gifts, and through royal and government funding; these ample resources gave museums such as the British Museum unrivalled funds for the construction of magnificent architecture and the gathering of the most splendid specimens and pieces from across the globe. But by the early 1990’s, and reflecting Britain’s changed economic circumstances, London’s museums found themselves in need of considerable new funds to pay for refurbishments and developments so as to keep pace with other museums in the capital cities of Europe and in America. The advent of the National Lottery in 1994, and the terms of its constitution whereby a majority of its funds would go to museums and galleries, apparently offered the very chance to bring about a revival in the fortunes and prosperity of London’s museums. Thus between 1994-2003 more than  £13 billion was given to good causes by the National Lottery and the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.3);  £1 billion was given to six hundred museums across the country (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.3). These funds were intended for the construction of new buildings and exhibition halls, and to compensate museums and galleries for the loss of revenue that they would incur once free admission was introduced. A few smaller museums were also enabled to open in London because of grants from the HLF. The next radical step in the recent history of London’s museums came when the Labour Party in their 1997 manifesto, promised that when elected they would introduce free admission into London’s museums a move that it was anticipated would greatly increase attendance from members of the general public. In the event, this prediction turned out to be just right, particularly in the two years immediately succeeding the introduction of free admission. The government minister then in charge of museums in 2001, Estelle Morris, spoke of 2000 as ‘an unprecedented season of openings and flourishing’ (DOC, 2000) for London museums. The year 2000 witnessed nine major construction or refurbishment projects in London’s great museums and a total of  £379 million spent on this ( £193 million of which came from lottery sources) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.4). The most spectacular of these projects was the construction by Norman Foster of the Great Court at the British Museum costing  £110 million (of which  £47 million was derived from lottery sources) (Selwood Davies, 2005: p.5). All in all, it seemed that the lottery was proving a vital fertilizing force in the rejuvenation and restoration of London’s great museums. This optimism was very clearly reflected in the visitor figures following free admission. In 2001/2002 London museums that had previously received capital funding from lottery sources noticed a staggering rise in visitor numbers of 5.3 million when compared with the 1999/2000 season; in 2002/2003 this figure jumped again to 6.3 million extra visits compared with 1999/2000 (this representing an increase of 89%). In stark contrast London museums that did not receive lottery funding say they annual attendance figure drop by 7% in 2001/02 and 13% in 2002/03 when compared to the 1999/00 season. To take an individual instance, the Victoria Albert Museum witnessed an increase in attendance from 75,773 in November 2000 to 132,882 in November 2001 (this figure even jumped 270% by March 2002). Likewise, attendance figures at the Science Museum rose by 120% and the National History Museum by 74% in the same period (All figures: Selwood Davies, 2005: pp. 6-10). Nonetheless, this stream of incessantly impressive and rising admissions figures masked a major concern unsettling many of the managers and director’s of London’s leading museums. These figures of course welcomed lottery funding as a vital means of rejuvenating London’s museums and making them competitive with museums found in New York, Paris, Berlin and elsewhere. Nonetheless, the advent of free admission introduced at the same time a far greater degree of vulnerability and uncertainty in the financial arrangements and security of London’s museums. It was obvious to museum strategists and directors that a great deal of lottery money would be needed to compensate for the loss of revenue endured once free admission was introduced. Crucially, it would be paramount that lottery contributions of the levels of 2001 would be sustained for the long-term; nothing would be worse that one spectacular year for two of prosperity and massive investment followed by ten or twenty years of under investment and decline. It is recent charge imputed by many museum directors against the government and the HLF directors that they were naà ¯ve in profoundly underestimating the levels of investment that would e required to sustain not only the rejuvenation of London’s museums but merely also their survival. The British Museum alone, for instance, according to its director Neil MacGregor stands to lose  £80 million over ten years from lost revenues and reclaimed VAT. Increased attendance figures are welcomed naturally by all museum directors on the absolute condition that sufficient funds are made available to pay the costs of this increased attendance. Selwood and Davies calculated that since the advent of free admission and 7.3 million extra visitors each of these visitors cost London’s museums on average  £3.56 per visitor  £3.56 extra that has to be found by the museums from non-lottery funding (Selwood Davies, 2003: p.8). Thus free admission has had a bitter sting in its tale, and it may be said that presently a great many of London’s famous museums find themselves in financial difficulties, unable to pay for restorations and improvements; unable to compete with American and European museums for the finest pieces and exhibitions, unable to attract the brightest researchers and curators and ultimately in danger of losing the great reputations that some have nurtured for as long as two centuries. It is clear to all, museum directors and government officials alike, that the present funding arrangements of London’s museums are precarious and that a serious strategy needs to be devised to offer such museums long-term financial security and thus a platform to compete with the other leading museums of the world. This present dissertation conducted interviews, by way of questionnaires with five senior figures from five of London’s leading museums the British Museum, the Science Museum, the Natural History Museum, the London Transport Museum and the V A museum to ascertain their thoughts and attitudes regarding the present state and the likely future state of London’s museums. These senior figures were questioned on their beliefs regarding the lottery funding of museums, on the advent of free admission, on the extent of government funding, on international competition, and on future strategy. The picture that emerges from these interviews is one of profound uncertainty over the future survival and prosperity of London’s museums; buffeted on the one side by the loss of revenue from free admission, and on other sides by the short-fall in promised lottery investment and the present government’s obsession with the quantitative aspect of museum attendance at the expense of the quality of the visitor’s experience. Section 2: Literature Review It perhaps appropriate to preface this literature review with a few remarks about its undertaking. Often when undertaking research that refers to relatively recent events, the researcher finds that the academic world has not yet had time to catch-up in print and publish scholarly books and articles covering these events. With the present research however the proposition was entirely opposite; even though the subjects of lottery funding, free admission and so on are relatively recent, there is nonetheless an abundance of literature dealing with the specific question of the future of London’s museums. The task of the researcher was thus to sift this material so as to isolate its most pertinent and relevant parts. Another unusual aspect of this present literature review is its wide use of government documents and announcements. An overriding theme throughout the present paper is the intimacy of the relationship between the government and museum managers and directors. Naturally, the government perspective upon events is not published through academic books and journals, but by speeches, white-papers, press releases and so on. This research of course made much use of the outstanding museum journals, pre-eminently Curator: The Museum Journal. Of the several articles from this journal used in this dissertation, one was of seminal importance in providing statistical and analytical evidence of the impact of lottery funding and free admission upon London’s museums, this being: S. Selwood and M. Davies (2005) ‘Capital Costs: Lottery Funding in Britain and Consequences for Museums. The article excellently articulates the dilemma that has crept upon London’s museums now that the inadequacy of lottery funding to meet extra visitors numbers has become apparent. There are hints in the above article to possible solutions to the funding crisis facing London’s museums, and these solutions are discussed in greater depth in R. Baron’s ‘Reinventing a State Program for Museum Funding’ (2003). Question marks as to the thoroughness and efficacy in practice of the government’s free admissions policy is raised in several places: Freudenheim’s ‘That Politics Problem’ (2005), Babbidge’s ‘UK Museums; Safe and Sound? (2000) and Sharp’s ‘Controversy and Challenge: British Funding Increases Nationally, But Not to National Museums’ all echo the apprehensiveness and fear felt by many museum directors and staff towards the financial liabilities that would arise in the wake of free admissions (2006). Freudenheim, in particular, highlights a certain naivety in government’s attitude towards the workings of national museums; citing in particular the government’s inveterate insistence upon the increasing of admissions figures no matter what the effects of this upon either museum costs or the aesthetic museum-experience of visitors. The government’s position, and its obvious delight and sense of fulfilment at increased attendance figures since free admission, is given in a number of documents. Principally, the paper London Cultural Capital – Realising the Potential of a World Class City published by the London’s Museums Agency (2004) establishes the governments intentions and strategy towards the future of London’s museums. The paper gives fifteen government policies, under the headers value, access, creativity, and excellence by which the government’s museum strategies will be delivered in future. The government, in association with the National Lottery, has written in several places of its satisfaction at the results of the introduction of the policy of free admissions. In particular, the paper One Year On Visitor Numbers Soaring At National Museums Following Abolition Of Entry Charges published by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 1 January 2003 gives a sense of the euphoria and achievement perceived by the government. Also, the paper Two Years On Free Admission to National Museums Draws Even Bigger Crowds again published by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport on 9 March 2003 gives much the same impression. In each of these documents the government stresses its loyalty and commitment to the principle of free admission and to the extension of this principle as far as possible. At the same time, there is little reference in these documents to the nervousness and trepidation felt by museum directors and managers about the future prosperity of the institutions they preside over. It is in this absence of self-criticism, that the reader perceives the origins of the discrepancy between that government’s perception of the financial condition of London’s museums and the reality of their condition. The possible consequences of such as disparity increasing, and of a competition gap widening between London’s museums and those in America and Europe, are well delineated in Cain’s article ‘Museums and the Future of Collecting’ (2005). In short, the extant literature paints the present picture of London’s museums as a time of grave uncertainty with respect to their financial predicament and thus their world-class legacies and reputations. These sources also acknowledge the considerable benefits already brought by lottery funding and free admission, and point also to the great future potential of these schemes; they instil in the reader at the same time a warning that idealism must be checked by pragmatic considerations before London’s museums can attain the future they deserve. Section 3: Methodology The principal method of primary data collection for this research was the interviewing, by way of questionnaires, of several senior figures at five of London’s leading museums. The decision to interview senior management and directing figures, rather than members of the public, had the obvious advantage that the answers obtained would be the specialist opinions of people with an intimate knowledge of the subject matter of the research. Members of the general public, especially those living in London, often show much interest and curiosity towards the subject of the prosperity and fate of London’s museums, but at the same time are not professionals with direct experience of the key debates and consultations. To arrange these five meetings, the researcher wrote fifteen letters to major London museums. Of these fifteen requests for an interview, seven positive responses were returned to the interviewer, of which five eventually furnished the opportunity of an interview. In requesting these interviews letters were sent to the director of each museum, irregardless of the sex, race, or religion of the person. Of the five eventual interviewees, three were men and two women; their ages ranged between forty-one and sixty-three. At the behest of interviewees, all of whom preferred to speak off the record due to the sensitivity of many of the issues of discussion, neither their names nor their titles are given in the final publication of this research. Thus, in the transcripts presented in the appendix of this research, each of the five interviewees are referred to as ‘a senior figure’ and ascribed a coded number following the simple scheme 001-002-003-004-005. This sensitivity, arising from the various present tensions over funding between London museums, the HLF and the government, clearly raises certain ethical questions about the present research. Above all, is it permissible to expose senior figures to possible embarrassment or worse, for the sake of the findings of this research. In answer to this question, the present researcher would say two things: firstly, that explicit consent for every interview was obtained by the researcher before the commencement of each interview, thus all interviewees participated at their own volition; secondly, following Utilitarian principles of seeking ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’, the researcher decided that the possible positive benefits and improved public understanding of the topic that might arise from this research could justify the slight ethical risks associated with the carrying-out of this research. It is a belief of the researcher that by informing the academic community and the public of the chief issues and controversies now affecting London’s museums, that the debate generated from this knowledge will lead to greater consideration on all sides being shown towards the preservation and improvement of London’s world-famous reputation as a museum centre. A number of criticisms may be levelled at the methodology discussed in this section. Firstly, it might be asked, with some justification, whether or not the interviewing of only five museum figures can produce results characteristic of attitudes and opinions of London’s museums as a whole. Naturally, critics might ask how the researcher can infer from the collection of five opinions general trends governing the many hundreds and thousands of senior figures working for the management of London’s museums. Likewise, why does the report interview exclusively figures from museum management and not from the government or from the National Lottery? In response to the first question the reply must be that with limited resources and limited time, it seemed most prudent to the researcher to restrict the field of investigation to a narrow focus, where the results obtained could be subjected to a significant scrutiny and analysis something which resource constraints would have rendered impossible had the field been extended much wider. Moreover, whilst only five persons were interviewed, these figures preside over London’s five largest museums which between them see greater attendance figures and government investment than all of London’s other museums combined. Thus the opinions of the figures interviewed actually are far more representative of London as a whole than would first appear likely. In response to the second question, a similar answer might be given: only museum directors were interviewed because they are the persons with the most intimate knowledge of the matters under discussion. If the present researcher were in future to extend the present research, then the opinions of others outside of museum management would certainly have to be included. As it was, the present report incorporates sufficient expert opinion, to make its findings relevant to the better academic and public understanding of the issues affecting the future of London’s museums. Section 4: Results Analysis The aim of the present research was to investigate the likely future of London’s museums; this research was undertaken by way of interviews with five senior figures from five leading London museums. From the information gained from the literature review undertaken by the researcher it seemed most appropriate to question these museum directors on five main subjects: lottery funding, the advent of free admission, international competition, future strategy and the employment of new researchers and curators. The expectation of the researcher was that the general opinion of these senior figures would have initially been one of welcome to the proposed lottery funding, but that this initial welcome would have turned to mild scepticism in the wake of free admission and the provocation of severe uncertainty following the extra costs incurred by increased visitor numbers and lesser-than-expected lottery investment. What opinions then did these results produce in actuality? (1) Lottery Funding. The five interviewed senior figures unanimously (5 of 5) welcomed the original government proposals to aid London’s and Britain’s museums through funds made available by the national lottery. Museums such as the British Museum, with its newly built Great Court, was given considerable lottery funding amounting to  £47 million (Selwood Davies, 2003: p.3). Museum directors were quick to concede that such developments would have been impossible without these lottery funds or an extremely large, but unlikely, private donation. In short, museum directors were united in their praise for proposed lottery investment. (2) Free Admission. The chief feature of the respondents’ answers to questions posed about free admission were twofold: on the one hand, respondents welcomed the opportunity to open their doors to ever greater numbers of people, thus disseminating cultural and scientific experience as far as possible; on the other hand, words such as ‘apprehension’ and ‘scepticism’ were used liberally by nearly all of those interviewed. What most strongly prompted this apprehension was the ‘twining’ of free admission introduction with the compensation for lost revenue by lottery funding. Directors confided that when allowed to charge admission fees their museums did at least have a degree of self-sufficiency and so could determine their own future strategies and successes. But lottery funding conditioned by the introduction of free admission policies has subjected London’s museums to a profound financial vulnerability and loss of independence. These museums, now depend upon the HLF for often as much a half of their income; if controversies or difficulties arise with the lottery directors or with the ministers directing them, then the museums are forced to abide by outside instruction and policy. Moreover, the great fear that lottery investment would not be sustained appears to have come true for all of the five museums whose for whom senior figures were interviewed for this research. So too, insufficient lottery funding has been made available to compensate for the extra costs incurred by the vastly increased visitor numbers experienced after the introduction of free admission. Interviewees hinted at a certain naivety and lack of preparation on the part of ministers and lottery managers with respect to the projected visitor increases following free admission and the costs that would be incurred by this. (3) International Competition. On the question of international competition there was further unanimity of opinion amongst the senior figures interviewed. Each respondent vigorously asserted that the collections of the museums he or she presided over as a manager were the equal of any equivalent museum anywhere in the world. Managers from the British Museum and the Natural History Museum, not to mention others, could rightly boast that their reputations were pre-eminent amongst international museums. At the same time, three of the figures interviewed (the exceptions presided over specialist museums with little international competition) confided that many American and European museums simply had far better funding and so purchasing-power than their own London museums. For the immediate future, this gap will mean that these international museums will continue to purchase new pieces of exceptional public interest whilst London’s museums will have to remain content with their exi sting impressive but static collections. In the medium- and long-term future, if this purchasing disparity continues then a qualitative difference will emerge ever more clearly between the museums of London and those of America and Europe. (4) Recruitment. When embarking upon the present research the researcher did not anticipate that ‘the difficulty of recruiting new researchers and curators’ would be a major concern to London’s museums regarding their futures. Nonetheless, as the searching through the literature review proceeded and as the topic came into better perspective this problem seemed to be a central concern for several of the major London museums. Specialist museums like the V A and the Theatre Museum do not, according to results, face such problems; but senior figures from the Natural History Museum, the British Museum and the Science museum may all face crises over recruitment in the near future. According to these figures the recruitment of new staff has been a subject neglected by the government in their ceaseless quest for higher admission figures and in ‘measuring the value’ of a museum-goers’ experience. The science museum can no longer attract top scientists and researchers because they are paid so little:  £20,000 as a starting salary, peaking at  £50,000 ( ). Commercial companies and American museums offer far better salaries and improved facilities. If this ‘brain-drain’ continues for much longer, then it may prove to be the greatest of all dangers to the future prosperity of London’s museums. These institutions are sustained not only by their pieces and specimens, but by the care and expertise of their curators and other staff; it is this expertise and the respect that arises from it that gives these institutions their world-class reputations. If this expertise evaporates, then no amount of increased admission or funding or improved strategy will protect the legacies and future prosperity of London’s museums. But towards the re-capture and enticement of these experts the government and the lottery fund seem somewhat blinded; given the extent to which London’s museums now rely upon government funding, it is precisely with the government that the responsibility lies for providing sufficient funding for home-grown and international experts to crave as they used to the opportunity to work in the prestigious museums of London. (5) Future Strategy. The senior figures interviewed for this research are nearly as one when they declare that future strategy has to be built around the attainment of financial stability; this is to be sought through an improved, more efficient and more effective relationship with the government and the HLF. A better balance has to be struck between the government’s ardent desire for ever increased admissions and the practical and pragmatic methods by which these extra admissions, dragging with them their extra costs, will be paid for. If a resolution and balancing is not achieved here then the obvious and inevitable path down which London’s museums must slide is that of ever greater debt and so lesser purchasing-power for new pieces and so a general decline in the standing and reputation of London’s museums. The reality of this predicament is brought home, even as this dissertation is written-up, by the announcement today of the London Theatre Museum (BBC, 2006) that they face imminent closure unless a major cash injection from the lottery fund is received. The alternative strategies are these: firstly, an abrupt about-face by the museums whereby they begin to charge for admission. This path is unattractive as there are numerous legislative, ethical and civil obstacles to this policy’s reinstatement. Another alternative is increased public funding from a source other than the lottery; this however looks most unlikely in the short-term. Thus, setting aside the remote chance that a massive private donation will save them, museums must, in their strategising come to agreement with the government about how extra funding from the lottery may be obtained. In short, the results obtained from this present research point to two things: firstly, that senior figures from the five museums interviewed welcomed in general lottery funding as a means to achieve rejuvenation and restoration; secondly, that this optimism changed to apprehension and tentativeness once it became clear the extent to which lottery funding would be dependant upon free admissions policies. Thirdly, it is obvious from all the interviews, that London’s museums are at a cross-roads and a defining moment in their illustrious history. To the left, is the danger of an ever greater financial disparity caused by increasing visitor figures and inadequate lottery funding; to the right is offered a sound financial structure that will ensure the continuation and prosperity of London’s museums’ world-class reputation. Section 5: Conclusion In the final analysis, it seems most appropriate to say that London’s museums are now at a seminal moment in their historical development a moment of both opportunity and precariousness. The opportunities promised by massive lottery funding at first seemed likely to engender a great rejuvenation of London’s museums; indeed, this new source of funding promised to keep London’s museums competitive with the other great museums of the world for the foreseeable future. The advent of free admission was met with both tentativeness and warmth by the senior figures interviewed by this researcher; apprehension because free admission, and thus loss of revenue from admission charges, meant a far greater degree of dependence upon the government and the LHF and thus greater financial uncertainty. If the new relationship between lottery funding and free admission worked in practice as some had suggested in theory that it would, then London’s museums would have a bright and perhaps glorious future. If, on the other hand, the organization and administration of lottery funding was inadequate or improperly practised then a disparity would open between increasing admissions numbers and the ability of museums to pay the extra costs of these visitors. In the event, both expectations and fears were realised by the introduction of free admission in London’s museums. As the figures cited throughout this dissertation attest, visitor figures rose spectacularly in the wake of free admission. Greater numbers of the British general public and international visitors than ever before were able to receive the cultural and scientific treasures of London’s great museums. Nonetheless, once the honeymoon period had waned, it became clear to many museum managers and directors that insufficient lottery funds were being supplied to compensate for loss of revenue incurred after the dropping of admissions charges and after the increase of visitors also from this policy. In the years since free admission was introduced, London’s museums have acquired ever greater deficits on t

The Scottsboro Trials Essay -- essays research papers

Imagine being a black teenager in the south amid the great depression. It was hard enough for whites to find jobs during this time; I can’t even begin to fathom what it would be like being black seeking a job. Many blacks sought hoboing as a common pastime seeing it as an adventure to get them from one small job to another. And this is where the story of the Scottsboro Boys begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aboard a southern railroad car was a young black youth named Haywood Patterson. He clutched to the side of the car as it careened back and forth over the rusty tracks. Across the top of the car walked a young white man. Every time this man would walk past Patterson he would step on his fingers. Patterson finally said to the man, â€Å"whenever you need to get through, tell me and I will move my hand†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The young man believed that he did not have to ask someone to move their hands, especially a nigger. This outraged him and he began to shout obscenities and racial slurs at Patterson. Soon after, a stone throwing fight erupted between the white hobos and the black hobos that were riding on the train. All but one white youth was forced of the train by the rocks. This white youth named Orville Gilley was pulled back on. The train itself was picking up speed and Gilley could have gotten killed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A local stationmaster was told the â€Å"attack† by the white hobos that had been thrown off of the train. This stationmaster wired ahead to the next stationmaster to let him know of the situation. As the train slowed down and came to a stop in Paint Rock, Alabama, those that were accused of the future crime had no telling what they were going to be up against. Once in Paint Rock, 9 black youths were rounded up, tied together and taken to prison in Scottsboro Al. Here the boys were placed in a jail cell awaiting their charges. Little did they know an additional charge was going to be added that never even crossed their minds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While in Paint Rock 2 young women greeted the Posse that came to round up the men from the train. One of these women (Victoria Price) told the posse that she had been raped by a gang of 12 blacks with pistols and knives (Linder, n.d.).They were escorted into the jail so that Victoria could point out her attackers. Here she claimed 6 of the 9 men had raped her. T... ...oys found their way out of Alabama (Linder, n.d.).Andy Wright was the last to leave Alabama in 1950. Some of the boys wrote books on their experiences. The case showed just how indifferent jurors were in the south during the 1930’s, how two women could ruin the lives of 9 men and how politically minded everyone was involved in the trial. The Scottsboro Trials was the only case in history of the US that produced the most trials, convictions, reversals and retrials. In the end this case allowed juries to be open to blacks and helped to ease racial tensions in both the south and north. Reference List Goodman, J. (1994). Stories of Scottsboro; The rape case that shocked 1930’s America and revived the struggle for equality. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. Norris, C., & Washington, C. D. (1979). The Last of the Scottsboro Boys an Autobiography. Toronto, Canada: Putnam Books. Linder, D.O. (n.d). The Trials of the Scottsboro Boys. Retrieved March 14, 2005, from http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_acct.html PBS. (1999-2000). Scottsboro Timeline. Retrieved March 27, 2005, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro/timeline/index.html The Scottsboro Trials Essay -- essays research papers Imagine being a black teenager in the south amid the great depression. It was hard enough for whites to find jobs during this time; I can’t even begin to fathom what it would be like being black seeking a job. Many blacks sought hoboing as a common pastime seeing it as an adventure to get them from one small job to another. And this is where the story of the Scottsboro Boys begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aboard a southern railroad car was a young black youth named Haywood Patterson. He clutched to the side of the car as it careened back and forth over the rusty tracks. Across the top of the car walked a young white man. Every time this man would walk past Patterson he would step on his fingers. Patterson finally said to the man, â€Å"whenever you need to get through, tell me and I will move my hand†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The young man believed that he did not have to ask someone to move their hands, especially a nigger. This outraged him and he began to shout obscenities and racial slurs at Patterson. Soon after, a stone throwing fight erupted between the white hobos and the black hobos that were riding on the train. All but one white youth was forced of the train by the rocks. This white youth named Orville Gilley was pulled back on. The train itself was picking up speed and Gilley could have gotten killed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A local stationmaster was told the â€Å"attack† by the white hobos that had been thrown off of the train. This stationmaster wired ahead to the next stationmaster to let him know of the situation. As the train slowed down and came to a stop in Paint Rock, Alabama, those that were accused of the future crime had no telling what they were going to be up against. Once in Paint Rock, 9 black youths were rounded up, tied together and taken to prison in Scottsboro Al. Here the boys were placed in a jail cell awaiting their charges. Little did they know an additional charge was going to be added that never even crossed their minds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While in Paint Rock 2 young women greeted the Posse that came to round up the men from the train. One of these women (Victoria Price) told the posse that she had been raped by a gang of 12 blacks with pistols and knives (Linder, n.d.).They were escorted into the jail so that Victoria could point out her attackers. Here she claimed 6 of the 9 men had raped her. T... ...oys found their way out of Alabama (Linder, n.d.).Andy Wright was the last to leave Alabama in 1950. Some of the boys wrote books on their experiences. The case showed just how indifferent jurors were in the south during the 1930’s, how two women could ruin the lives of 9 men and how politically minded everyone was involved in the trial. The Scottsboro Trials was the only case in history of the US that produced the most trials, convictions, reversals and retrials. In the end this case allowed juries to be open to blacks and helped to ease racial tensions in both the south and north. Reference List Goodman, J. (1994). Stories of Scottsboro; The rape case that shocked 1930’s America and revived the struggle for equality. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. Norris, C., & Washington, C. D. (1979). The Last of the Scottsboro Boys an Autobiography. Toronto, Canada: Putnam Books. Linder, D.O. (n.d). The Trials of the Scottsboro Boys. Retrieved March 14, 2005, from http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_acct.html PBS. (1999-2000). Scottsboro Timeline. Retrieved March 27, 2005, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro/timeline/index.html